Bankruptcy Around the World
Bankruptcy Around the World
Wherever you go in the world, finance is a language that is spoken fluently by some, and a completely indecipherable one for others There is such a wide range of topics connected with finance that a strong command of rules, regulations and options coupled with an ability to recognize money-making opportunities can bestow real purchase power upon an individual However, the world of finance is so fast-moving that if you take your eye off the situation for even a moment, you can end up in serious difficulties No matter where you are in the world, the circumstances that lead to bankruptcy exist And where the circumstances exist, so does the practice Just like in America, people go bankrupt all over the world Many of the practices are much the same - but there are some differences . .In Australia, for example, the process of filing for bankruptcy is largely similar to that in the United States You can commence proceedings yourself, or it can be the subject of a petition from a creditor looking to realize some of their asset - your bad debt - before you become a “won’t pay” customer However, a bankruptcy term in Australia is three years, but with the potential to pay it out If, before the three-year period is up, you can pay the debts off in full the bankruptcy will be annulled This encourages individuals to see bankruptcy as an opportunity to learn sound financial practice It is also possible to raise an Offer of Composition, which pays each creditor a certain percentage of what they are owed If they accept the settlement, the bankruptcy can again be annulled . .In Canada, it is possible to file a consumer proposal as an alternative to bankruptcy if your debt amounts to more than $5,000 and less than $75,000 The higher figure does not include the mortgage on the debtor’s home For debts larger than $75,000, it is necessary to file for bankruptcy under which there are additional rules and requirements, which include the appointment of a “Proposal Administrator” who is given the task of overseeing the debt to ensure that it is fully analyzed In many cases, creditors will choose to accept the consumer proposal even though it generally entails paying a reduced amount, because they will receive less under bankruptcy rules . .In the United Kingdom the Enterprise Act of 2002 made it possible for a bankruptcy to last less than 12 months This has led to a larger number of people filing for bankruptcy and a suspicion that many of those filing are people for whom bankruptcy is simply another financial service However, the banks themselves are markedly reluctant to lend money to a recently bankrupt individual, and in most cases it will take six years for bankruptcy to roll off an individual’s credit record, making it virtually impossible to get credit on anything resembling reasonable terms While some lenders have begun to offer loans and credit cards at prohibitive rates of interest, individuals are strongly discouraged from taking them . .Disclaimer: This article is for informational and entertainment purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice on any subject matter .
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Shouldn t you be able to discharge your student loans in a bankruptcy?
Many students today leave college and graduate schools with mounting bills before they ever commence their employment life. In many cases these student loans can amount to an excess of $200,000. The monthly payments new graduates face can be as significant as $1,200 per month. Couple that payment with the uncertainty of the US and world economy and the situation truly appears to be grim. Many of today s young professionals and working class amass large unsecured debt through credit card purchases just to get by. They do not earn even as much money as the median person in their state. Many have purchased homes with current fair market values worth many thousands of dollars less then their mortgages, and in many cases fall behind on their payments. What are their options negotiate with their creditors? If these debtors can not afford to commit to the massive payments, then negotiation is not an option. Their only true salvation is a chapter 7 bankruptcy. The debtors certainly can get some relief from filing for bankruptcy. If they have incurred massive credit card debt, medical bills, or even judgments for failure to pay debts, those all can be wiped out as unsecured debt. If they can not afford their home, they can always walk away from it. Even if the bank can not recoup their money and obtains a deficiency judgment against the debtor, that judgment is not secured as the mortgage was, it can also be stripped. However, many young debtors largest concern and most significant payment comes in the form of their student loan. What happens to that debt? Currently, a student loan is not secured in any collateral, but it is considered a priority debt, and can not be wiped out quite so easily. In order for a debt to be discharged, it first must be classified as a consumer debt. The debt must have been incurred for a personal, household or family purpose. For example, most courts have held that taxes are not consumer debts within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Code. Debts incurred in the production of income are generally not considered consumer debts. Compass Bank v. Meyer (In re Meyer), 296 B.R. 849 (2003). Other courts, including two courts of appeals, have adopted the ”profit motive” test. Baskin v. G. Fox and Co., 550 F. Supp. 64 (D. Conn. 1982). Under this test, a debt is not a consumer debt if it ”was incurred with an eye toward profit.” In re Booth, 858 F.2d 1051, 1055, (5th Cir. 1988). If a debt is incurred partly for business purposes and partly for personal, family or household purposes, the term ”primarily” in the definition suggests that whether the debt is a ”consumer debt” should depend upon which purpose predominates. Presumably, this determination would normally turn on the purpose for which most of the funds were obtained. In re Booth. Under this test, courts have concluded that student loans may or may not be consumer debts, depending in part on the motivation for obtaining them. In re Stewart, 175 F.3d 796 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 1997). The court held a student loan classification depends on facts; in the case, classification of a portion of medical school loans as consumer debt was not erroneous. If a court determines that a student loan is a consumer debt, which in and of itself still will not provide grounds to discharge the loan. A court must find pursuant to Section 523(a)(8) of the US Bankruptcy Code, that the student loan qualifies as an undue hardship which allows the court to discharge an otherwise nondischargeable priority debt if excluding the debt from discharge will necessitate an undue hardship on the debtor or the debtor’s dependents. Such a judicial decision is discretionary with the bankruptcy judge in determining whether payment of the debt will cause undue hardship on the debtor, thus defeating the ”fresh start” concept of the bankruptcy laws. The most widely used test for evaluating the dischargeability of a student loan under section 523(a)(8) states that the debt is dischargeable if three conditions are met: 1. The debtor cannot maintain, based on current income and expenses, a ”minimal” standard of living if forced to repay the loans; 2. There are indications that the state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period; and 3. The debtor made good faith efforts to repay the loans. Brunner v. New York State Higher Educ. Servs. Corp., 831 F.2d 395 (2d Cir. 1987) The Supreme Court has stated that section 523(a)(8) is ‘’self-executing” and that ”[u]nless the debtor affirmatively secures a hardship determination, the discharge order will not include a student loan debt.” Tennessee Student Assistance Corp. v. Hood, 541 U.S. 440 (2004). In other words, student loan debt remains due until there is a determination that the loan is dischargeable. Underwood v. United Student Aid Funds, Inc. (In re Underwood), 299 B.R. 471 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2003). To demonstrate the current criteria used by the Bankruptcy court to discharge a student loan, the district of Massachusetts has set a high bar. The debtor was a 32 year old unmarried woman who suffered from relapsing, recurring Multiple Sclerosis. The debtor’s currently monthly income totaled $ 1101. The court found that the debtor’s minimum expenses exceed her income. The debtor would have to give up her telephone and her gas money to become even marginally solvent. The court also found that the debtor had made Herculean efforts to both find work of a type she could perform and actually work despite facing daunting physical obstacles. Finally, the court found that the debtor’s current condition, which had worsened since she first became symptomatic, would continue to impair her ability to find employment that would improve her financial status. The court reasoned in part that it had been able to observe many of the debtor’s symptoms first-hand. Denittis v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. (In re Denittis), 362 B.R. 57 (First Circuit for the District of Massachusetts 2007). As a further example of how precarious a debtor s situation must be, the same court as above denied the debtor s motion to discharge her student loan. The court held the educational loans were not dischargeable under 11 U.S.C.S. 523(a)(8) because the debtor’s prospects for increasing income over time were promising and, by slightly cutting her expenses, she could make the minimal payments towards her student loan obligations under the Income Contingent Repayment Plan. Brunell v. Citibank (SD) N.A. (In re Brunell), 356 B.R. 567 (1st Circuit, 2006).The forgoing article on bankruptcy relief from student loans was drafted by Attorney Michael Goldstein, a <a href="http://www.goldsteinandclegglaw.com/bankruptcy_blog">Massachusetts Bankruptcy Attorney</a>.
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Different Ways to File the Bankruptcy
A bankruptcy is the last option any businessman wants to take. They can cause a big dent on their credit rating and deeply ruin their reputation. But sometimes filing for bankruptcy is the only solution to get a person out of dire straits. An important thing when looking for the right form is location. Make sure it is for the state and whatever locality that you are in. State laws vary widely, so it is especially important to find the form for the state you live in. It is worthless if it’s for the wrong state. Also, make sure that the form is official. Look for government seals, or compare it with the others, and it will be easy to see whether it is or not. Filing with an illegitimate form won’t do you much good. There are various steps which you must follow when you want to file the bankruptcy. First, you have to fill out a bankruptcy form where you will provide your personal information and information on your finances, recent financial transactions, secured and unsecured debts, expenses, creditors, assets, and tax returns. This will serve as a petition. Upon filing, you will have to submit one original copy plus three other copies to your local United States bankruptcy court. You will keep one copy for yourself for reference. At this stage, you can ask the help of a bankruptcy lawyer to help you decide on what kind of bankruptcy you want to file. If you choose to file a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you will be required to pass a repayment plan of three to five years. Research your options as it relates to filing. Some people choose to file without the aid of a lawyer. But it’s highly recommended to hire a lawyer. Your research should help you decide on a lawyer. In most cases, people who choose large firms to represent them will work with a paralegal and not the lawyer. Try to find a firm in which you have direct contact with your lawyer. In filing a bankruptcy case, do not use your credit cards. If you do so with the intent to file, a creditor can challenge the discharge of the debt owed or even your right to discharge any debt. If you obtained the debt knowing that you could not repay it, you may not be able to discharge that debt if the creditor challenges it through a lawsuit, or adversary proceeding, in your bankruptcy case. Immediately upon filing, there will be a provision to prevent creditors from contacting you or laying claim on your property for a month. After a month, the bankruptcy trustee will call for a meeting where you and your creditors will have to attend. This meeting is called the 341 meeting. This meeting usually lasts just five minutes. If both parties are not able to compromise and an objection is made, a judge will intervene. If a compromise is reached however, a notice from the court will be sent to you after four to six months discharging you from debts.Steve Buchanan writes article on many topics including <a href="http://www.bankruptcyinformations.com">Bankruptcy advice</a> and <a href="http://blog.bankruptcyinformations.com">bankruptcy information</a>.
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